PM 9/8 (2) <i>Pontederia crassipes</i>

EPPO BulletinVolume 51, Issue 3 p. 610-615 STANDARD - NATIONAL REGULATORY CONTROL SYSTEMSFree Access PM 9/8 (2) Pontederia crassipes First published: 25 November 2021 https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12784AboutSectionsPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use check box below share version article.I have read accept the Wiley Online Library UseShareable LinkUse link a this article with your friends colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Specific scope This Standard describes control procedures aiming monitor, contain eradicate crassipes. approval amendment approved in 2009–09 as (1) Eichhornia Revision 2021–09. Authors contributors are given Acknowledgements section. 1 INTRODUCTION Water hyacinth has for long time been known crassipes, but more recently its accepted name is (Pellegrini et al., 2018; WCSP, 2020). preferred Global Database (EPPO, 2021). Details on biology, distribution economic importance P. (Pontederiaceae) can be found Coetzee (2017) (2021). an introduced pest alien region originating from South America. species considered one worst invasive aquatic plants worldwide. The plant detrimental environmental impacts: it threat agriculture, health, environment, public safety, recreation activities, water quality quantity, human health. negative impacts agricultural production most important crop yield caused by loss increasing irrigation costs. It also positive like nutrient reduction bodies or use material compost, fodder manufacturing furniture paper (Coetzee 2017; Kleinschroth A2 recommended regulation quarantine pest. regulated under EU Regulation 1143/2014 Union concern. specific countries. In Georgia, Jordan Turkey included A1 List pests. region, established populations occur France (Corsica), Israel, Italy (including Sardinia), Jordan, Morocco, Portugal, Spain Balearic Islands) Turkey. occurs casual (e.g. Belgium, Czech Republic, mainland France, Netherlands United Kingdom). Hungary Germany, thermally abnormal waters [see (2021) map]. main pathway introduction ornamental ponds aquaria. well adapted survive existing usually used weed management, such killing removal plants, draw down (lowering level). free-floating mobile macrophyte variable levels. tolerates some degree desiccation; flowers seeds produced within 12 weeks after germination. Reproduction both vegetative, via daughter production, seeds. Daughter spread through wind wave action. Guadiana river Spain, doubling varied between 10 60 days (Ruiz-Téllez 2008). Seeds very large numbers persist seed bank up 20 years (Gopal, 1987). Countries areas at risk may wish regulate national level prevent into non-invaded manage infested areas. member countries advised prepare contingency plan surveillance, eradication containment presents basis regulatory system monitoring, describes: Elements monitoring programme that should conducted detect new infestation delimit area Measures eradicating detected incursion) Containment measures further country neighbouring where present no longer feasible. Regional cooperation communicate their neighbours exchange views best implement achieve regional goal preventing particularly case ‘international’ freshwater systems. For efficient implementation level, relevant NPPOs, ministries charge management), other interested (private sector, associations) established. 2 MONITORING OF CRASSIPES Staff organizations trained recognize all stages lifecycle, even when small populations. include staff botanists, managers reserves, nature conservation municipal authorities. An annual delimiting survey (according FAO, 2018) necessary determine geographical prevalence. Such information measures. Control strategies need adjusted case-by-case according density occurrence country. Priority ponds, lakes, rivers, canals, tanks, etc., focus rich nutrients. whole surface monitored, particular attention paid shoreline amongst riparian vegetation. Remotely sensed imagery (Sentinel-2, drones) derived indices Normalized Difference Vegetation Index, NDVI) effective quantifying invaded surfaces, difficult sites scout (Datta ERADICATION based delimitation application feasibility depends size accessibility plants. These described Appendix 1. 4 CONTAINMENT 2. 5 COMMUNICATION AND COLLABORATION Professional (administrations, etc.) informed environment forests management about natural managed bodies, preventive easily recognizable professionals (administration, schools, places, threats (see EPPO, 2014). A wide could take part Nang'alelwa, 2008) involved citizen science projects. As undesired side effects mosquito control, against mosquitos coordinated (Portilla & Lawler, ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS revision 9/8(1). was updated Mr U. Starfinger (DE), G Brundu (IT) van Valkenburg (NL). Panel Invasive Alien Plants reviewed Standard. PROGRAMME process involves four activities: Surveillance fully investigate Treatment and⁄or Verification eradication. Eradication surveillance while progress. Any must verified establish if attempts successful. working around water. extent Monitoring). Infested adjacent areas, especially downstream, might receive vegetative reproductive parts monitored. Preventive prohibition planting close proximity sensitive release infrastructures phyto-purification facilities. EU, listed concern not traded, bred, kept etc. (EU, Unintentional transport currents, flooding, fishing equipment, machinery boats avoided. Equipment cleaned remove mud before moving uninfested area. water, fences (that extend substrate shallow water) placed downstream plant. Booms cables entering hydro-power coolant intakes, drinking intake weight mats pushed flow, growth expansion, break booms fences. 3. start early growing season continue regrowth noted. Chemical mechanical controls two treatment only possible there accessible combination chemical give better results 2). Mechanical Manual done hand-pulling using pitch forks. method widely developing employment creation exercise. However, labour intensive infestations. Operators warned leaving footwear. aims removing biomass conjunction barriers spreading. e.g. clogging supply systems hydroelectricity turbines. remoteness many infestations makes unfeasible. crane trucks equipped grapple, backhoes buckets 35 m boom cranes were includes range equipment collect plant: bulldozers, grapple swung shore boats, self-propelled collecting machines pick then dump load conveyors, trucks, costly inefficient. example, total 26 million EUR spent period 2005 2015 during increased (Duarte, 2017). requires repeated follow-ups fast limited residual fragments (Brundu 2012). quite heavy fresh, contains 95% Calculations made how much wet removed per unit time, since sink Lake Victoria East Africa). pulled out put waste disposal, dried burnt (requirements biowaste origin ensure phytosanitary safety presented 3⁄66 Guidelines health risks origin; 2006). sheep safe. Composting biogas fermentation, however, result viability (Albano Perez 2015). Herbicides medium accessible. advantage being quick temporarily regularly frequently reapplied (Center 1999). susceptible 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), diquat glyphosate herbicides resulted successful small, single-purpose canals dams ha (Wright Purcell, 1995). noted products following label instructions line protection product regulations. applying systems, assess impact non-target species. enclosed generally prohibited, fishing. 2,4-D presently registered uses. Availability varies significantly current approvals subject change products. Glyphosate applied China. While they proven plant, did sustainably reduce often treating reached land boat, cost hovercraft, fixed-wing planes helicopters prohibitive restricted legislation. 4. until sign Since soil 1987), follow-up undertaken approximately years. 5. Habitat restoration After masses dead facilitate body. lasting success, artificial eutrophication reduced (Hussner population, objective suppression endangered applied. eradication, 1). (as 1) implemented suppress Applying different prove effective, Mexico, herbicide (Gutierrez 1996), reasonably obtained. Hydrological Reducing impoundments desiccate effectiveness. situations, volume needed cause desiccate. collected mud. addition, seed-bank germination refilling organisms (Barrett, 1989). Floods controlling would enter sea salinity kills Biological tropical biological offers economical sustainable (Harley 1996). temperate Southern Africa, USA China) acceptable levels either achieved perceived too slow acting. establishment ideal conditions last 3–5 (Julien To date, agents released least 33 Griffiths, 1998). throughout world weevils Neochetina bruchi Hustache (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) N. eichhorniae Warner, moth Niphograpta albiguttalis (Warren) (Lepidoptera: Crambidae) mite Orthogalumna terebrantis (Acarina: Galumnidae) stressed subjected nationally. Integrated frost high mortality agents, able winter, integrated approach followed. applications, manual possibly importantly, nutrients ecosystem (Hill Olckers, 2001). Communication awareness involved. Jones Cilliers (1999) (2001) Nseleni River Africa. key elements primarily appointment individual organization drive programme, involvement affected parties system, division units appropriate methods each these units. Using approach, 19 km previously 100% covered initially cleared mainly maintained 5% cover occasional (water extraction localities) necessary. operation occurred 1995 2000 (Jones, 2001), represents example returned heavily impacted functioning Hill, Nevertheless, deleterious (Sushilkumar Pandey, organisms. REFERENCES Albano Pérez E, Ruiz Téllez T, Ramos Maqueda S, Casero Linares PJ, Vázquez Pardo FM, Rodriguez Medina PL, Labrador Moreno J, López Gallego F, González Cortés J Sánchez Guzmán JM (2015). Seed (Mart.) Solms-Laub. hyacinth) composting, ovine feeding production. Acta Botanica Gallica, 162, 203- 214. Barrett SCH (1989) Waterweed invasions. Scientific American 260, 90– 97. G, Stinca A, Angius L, Bonanomi Celesti-Grapow D'Auria Griffo R, Migliozzi Motti R Spigno P (2012) Pistia stratiotes L. Solms.: emerging hydrophytes Campania Sardinia (Italy). Bulletin 42, 568– 579. https://doi.org/10.1111/epp.12004. Center TD, Dray FA Jr, Jubinsky GP Grodowitz MJ maintenance management: insects integrated? Environmental Management 23, 241– 256. Hill M (2008) (Eichhornia crassipes) – African experience. OEPP ⁄. 38, 458– 463. JA, MP, Ruiz-Téllez U Brunel S Monographs Europe N° 2: Solms. Botany Letters 164, 303– 326. Datta Maharaj Prabhu GN, Bhowmik D, Marino Akbari V, Rupavatharam Sujeetha JARP, Anantrao GG, Poduvattil VK, Kumar Kleczkowski K Monitoring (Pontederia crassipes): challenges future developments. Frontiers Ecology Evolution. https://doi.org/10.3389/fevo.2021.631338. Duarte Hyacinth Invasion River. Some Number, Facts Thoughts. Steemit. Biology-Blogs. https://steemit.com/biology/@liliana.duarte/water-hyacinth-invasionon-guadiana-river-some-numbers-facts-and-thoughts. Accessed June 15, 2017. (2006) 3⁄66(2) biowastes origin. 4– 9. (2014) 9/19 44, 457– 471. Database. https://gd.eppo.int/ (EU) No European Parliament Council 22 October 2014 prevention species., http://data.europa.eu/eli/reg/2014/1143/oj. Retrieved 21 2020. FAO (2018) ISPM 06 Surveillance., https://www.ippc.int/static/media/files/publication/en/2019/02/ISPM_06_2018_En_Surveillance_2018-05-20_PostCPM13.pdf. 30 Gopal B (1987) Hyacinth, 471 pp. Amsterdam (NL), Elsevier. Gutirrez Eric, Huerto Saldaa Arregun F (1996) Strategies waterhyacinth Mexico. Hydrobiologia 340, 181– 185. Harley KLS, Julien MH Wright AD. hyacinth: worldwide problem control. In: Proceedings Second International Weed Congress Volume II (Ed. H Brown, GW Cussans, MD Devine, SO Duke, C Fernandez-Quintanilla, Helweg, RE Labrada, Landes, Kudsk JC Streibig), 639– 644. Copenhagen (DK). MP Olckers T. initiatives Africa: constraining factors, success courses hyacinth, Working Group Meeting (Eds Julien, TD Ding), 33– 38. Beijing, China, 9–12 2000. ACIAR No. 102. Hussner Stiers I, Verhofstad Mjjm, Bakker Es, Grutters Bmc, Haury Jlch, Newman Clayton Js, Anderson Lwj Hofstra D plants: review. Aquatic 136, 112– 137. RW ⁄ Mposa rivers lake Nsezi, Kwa Zulu-Natal, 2nd Center), 123– 129. Australian Centre Agricultural Research, Canberra, Australia. CJ IOBC (Eds. Center) 160– 167. 16–19 1998, Zimbabwe, Plant Protection Research Institute, Pretoria (ZA). Griffiths MW (1998) Weeds: World Catalogue Agents Target Weeds, 4th edn. CABI Publishing, CAB International, Oxon (GB). MH, hyacinth. eichhorniae: Biologies, host ranges, rearing, releasing techniques Monograph 60, 87 (ACIAR), Canberra. Winton RS, Calamita Niggemann Botter M, Wehrli Ghazoul (2020) Living floating vegetation Ambio 50, 125– Nang’alelwa Public activities Falls heritage site, Livingstone, Zambia. 464– 469. Pellegrini MOO, Horn CN Almeida RF Total evidence phylogeny Pontederiaceae (Commelinales) sheds light necessity recircumscription synopsis PhytoKeys 108, 25– 83. Portilla MA Lawler SP Herbicide alters larval abundance. Journal Vector 45, 69– 81. EM, Granado EA, RM Gurzmán crassipes: Basin (Spain). Invasions 3, 42– 53. Sushilkumar RP Pandey AK Deleterious biocontrol Alternaria alternata. Biocontrol Science Technology 18, 523– 533. AD Purcell MF (1995) Solms- Laubach. Biology Weeds (eds. RN Groves, RCH Sheperd RG Richardson), 111– 121. R.G F.J. Richardson, Melbourne (AU). WCSP ‘ Checklist Selected Families. Facilitated Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. Published Internet; http://wcsp.science.kew.org/ 2020.’ Volume51, Issue3December 2021Pages ReferencesRelatedInformation